A funeral is a ceremony for celebrating, sanctifying, or remembering the life of a person who has died. Funerary customs comprise the complex of beliefs and practices used by a culture to remember the dead, from interment itself, to various monuments, prayers, and rituals undertaken in their honour. These customs vary widely between cultures, and between religious affiliations within cultures. The word funeral comes from the Latin funus, which had a variety of meanings, including the corpse and the funerary rites themselves. Funerary art is art produced in connection with burials, including many kinds of tombs, and objects specially made for burial with a corpse.
Traditional funerals
In Europe in most cultural groups and religions, the funeral rituals can be divided into three parts: visitation, funeral, and the burial service. This is an outline of my research and where food and sharing is involved I have indicated this. I have also looked at a Humanist Funeral and Civil Funeral
Visitation
At the visitation (also called a “viewing”, “wake” or “calling hours”) the body of the deceased person (or descendent) is placed on display in the coffin (also called a casket). The viewing often takes place on one or two evenings before the funeral and usually by arrangement with the Funeral Director. The body is traditionally dressed in the deceased’s best clothes. In recent times there has been more variation in what the decreased is dressed in – some people choose to be dressed in clothing more reflective of how they dressed in life. The body will often be adorned with common jewellery, such as watches, necklaces, brooches, etc. The jewellery may be taken off and given to the family of the deceased or remain in the coffin after burial but generally removed for cremation. The body may or may not be embalmed, depending upon such factors as the amount of time since the death has occurred, religious practices, or requirements of the place of burial but in general embalming is preferable.
The most commonly prescribed aspects of this gathering are that the attendees sign
a book kept by the deceased’s survivors to record who attended. In addition, a family may choose to display photographs taken of the deceased person during his/her life (often, formal portraits with other family members and candid pictures to show “happy times”), prized possessions and other items representing his/her hobbies and/or accomplishments. A more recent trend is to create a DVD with pictures and video of the deceased, accompanied by music.
The viewing is either “open coffin”, in which the embalmed body of the deceased has been clothed and treated with cosmetics for display; or “closed coffin”, in which the coffin is closed. The coffin may be closed if the body was too badly damaged because of an accident or fire or other trauma, deformed from illness or if someone in the group is emotionally unable to cope with viewing the corpse. In cases such as these, a picture of the deceased, usually a formal photo, could be placed on top of the coffin.
The deceased’s closest friends and relatives who are unable to attend frequently send flowers to the Funeral Directors or donations are given to a charity instead. The viewing typically takes place at a funeral directors premises, which will have gathering rooms and viewing chapels where the viewing can be conducted, although the viewing may also take place at a church, but this is less common. In earlier history, it was also common practice that the body was taken to the deceased’s home or that of a relative for viewing. This practice continues in many areas of Ireland and Scotland. The viewing may end with a prayer service; in a Roman Catholic funeral, this may include a rosary.
A visitation is often held the evening before the day of the funeral. However, when the deceased person is elderly the visitation may be held immediately preceding the funeral. This allows elderly friends of the deceased a chance to view the body and attend the funeral in one trip, since it may be difficult for them to arrange travel; this step may also be taken if the deceased has few survivors or the survivors want a funeral with only a small number of guests.
The wake often associated with viewing or laying of the body in a church particularly Roman Catholic religions and this forms a integral part of the funeral ritual. The Coffin is received into the church the night before and there is a specific service usually in the evening where people who are unable to attend the main funeral the following day would attend. This would traditionally have taken place in the home and is associated with celebrating and sharing life over food and drink. In the Irish traditionally it would accompanied by late night singing and some “craic”. In modern days there would still be a meal and celebrations after the laying in the church reception ceremony.
For public figures or dignitaries there can be a lying in state where the public would come to view the coffin and there is usually some kind of special or symbolic guard around the body. These are all symbolic of the idea of a Wake.
The Funeral
A funeral or a memorial service, is often officiated by clergy from the descendent’s, or bereaved, church or religion. A non-religious funeral often called a humanist or civil funeral is officiated by a family member, friend or funeral celebrant. A funeral may take place at either a place of worship or church, crematorium or graveyard chapel. A funeral is held according to the family’s or person authorised to organise the funeral wishes, which may be a few days after the time of death, allowing family members to attend the service or some weeks dependant on availability of bookings at a crematorium..
Tradition in some cultures time is allowed for the attendees usually family of the memorial service to have one last opportunity to view the deceased and say good-bye; the immediate family (siblings (and their spouses); followed by the deceased’s spouse, parents and children) are sometimes the very last to view their loved one before the coffin is closed. This opportunity can take place immediately before the service begins, or not so usually at the very end of the service.
The deceased is usually transported from the funeral directors to a church or place of service in a hearse, a specialized vehicle designed to carry coffined remains. The deceased is often transported in a procession (also called a funeral cortege), with the hearse, funeral service vehicles, and private automobiles travelling in a procession to the church or other location where the services will be held. In a number of jurisdictions, special laws cover funeral processions – such as requiring other vehicles to give right-of-way to a funeral procession. Funeral processions can have families, mourners walking part if the route and sometimes communities line the streets to honour the deceased and show respect and where appropriate could join the walking procession. After the funeral service, if the deceased is to be buried the funeral procession will proceed to a cemetery if not already there. If the deceased is to be cremated the funeral procession may then proceed to the crematorium.
Funeral services commonly include prayers; readings from a sacred text; hymns (sung either by the attendees or a hired vocalist); and words of comfort by the clergy. Frequently, a relative or close friend will be asked to give a eulogy, which details happy memories and accomplishments. Sometimes the delivering of the eulogy is done by the clergy. Clergy are often asked to deliver eulogies for people they have never met. Church bells may also be tolled both before and after the service.
In some religious denominations, for example, Roman Catholic and Anglican eulogies from loved ones are somewhat discouraged during this service, in order to preserve respect for traditions, but they are encouraged to be involved in the service and a short invite or explanation of arrangements may be made before leaving for the committal. A eulogy can also be given by a member of the clergy . This tradition is giving way at less strict or non-religious, green or humanist services where songs, poems, letters and eulogies read by family members or friends and officiated by celebrants.
During the funeral and at the burial service, the coffin may be covered with a large arrangement of flowers, called a coffin spray. If the deceased served in a branch of the Armed forces, the coffin may be covered with a national flag or symbols of their life. Funeral customs vary greatly from country to country, a funeral director will be able to give advice on the local custom and on your beliefs.
A burial service,
Conducted at the side of the grave, tomb, mausoleum or crematorium, at which the body of the deceased is buried or cremated at the conclusion. The actual cremation takes place at a separate time and some religions require to be at the actual cremations. Mostly the service is concluded at the crematorium when the coffin is removed from site, either with a curtain, or some kind of automated device to move the coffin into the floor, podium or a wall space. Increasingly these devices are being abandoned and the family will just leave the coffin and mourners will leave the family alone to say a final goodbye in private. It is becoming increasingly common for the cremation or burial will take place preceding a memorial or funeral service elsewhere.
Sometimes, the burial service will immediately follow the funeral, in which case a funeral procession travels from the site of the memorial service to the burial site. This may include all the mourners or just the immediate family or loved ones. Other times, the burial service takes place at a later time, when the final resting place is ready.
If the deceased served in a branch of the Armed forces, military rites are often accorded at the burial service.
In many religious traditions, pallbearers, usually but not always males who are close, sometimes immediate relatives and cousins, nephews or grandchildren or friends of the deceased, will carry the coffin from funeral home or church) to the hearse, and from the hearse to the site of the burial or cremation service. The pallbearers often sit in a special reserved section during the memorial service.
According to most religions, coffins are kept closed during the burial ceremony. In Eastern Orthodox funerals, the coffins are reopened just before burial to allow loved ones to look at the deceased one last time and give their final farewells. Greek funerals are an exception as the coffin is open during the whole procedure unless the state of the body does not allow it.
The morticians will typically ensure that all jewellery, including wristwatch, that were displayed at the wake are in the casket before it is buried or entombed. Custom requires that everything goes into the ground; however this is not true for Jewish services. Jewish tradition is that nothing of value is buried with the deceased.
There is an exception, in the case of cremation. Such items tend to melt or suffer damage, so they are usually removed before the body goes into the furnace. Pacemakers are removed prior to cremation – if they were left in they could possibly explode and damage the crematorium.
Funeral Catering
In many traditions, a meal or other gathering often follows the burial or cremation service, sometimes called a repast. This gathering may be held at the deceased’s church hall, community hall, private home or at a hotel or restaurant.
A quality specialist funeral catering company like Brophies can provide all the advice and reassurance you need to make the best informed decision for the deceased loved ones and see the food as much a part of the sharing and celebration of life bringing people together to share happy memories and stories. Catering can be a part of the wake the day before, The day of the funeral or a memorial service some time after the funeral.
Feeding guests after a funeral service
It can be a problematic decision to decide what to serve up your guests at a wake or post funeral / memorial service reception. In some situations the menu you require will be determined by the time of day at which the funeral takes place. For instance with a funeral which takes place at between 9 and 10.30 it would probably be appropriate to offer your guests tea and coffee and mini Danish pastries and Croissants or speciality bisucits. In the summer if available see if your caterer (if you have one) can provide scones and cream. We certainly have these available at all times using our own home made scones, local double cream and strawberry and raspberry jam.
With a late morning funeral into lunch followed by a wake the food to be provided
will now need to include those you would expect from a light lunch. We would seek to provide a selection of sandwiches with some finger foods , small cakes and fruit, catering for both vegetarian and meat eating guests, or fresh soup with bread and cakes or a fork buffets with meats and salads.
What you order will of course also depend on your budget. For the early funeral a prices from £4.95 would probably be reasonable. For the light per lunch buffet you could expect to pay from £6.95.
Brophies are able to deliver and set up your buffet at your chosen venue be that at home, a hall or a pub. Most caterers will like a bit of notice but a few days should be fine.
Etiquette in different countries
Generally speaking, the number of people who are considered obliged to attend each of these three rituals by etiquette decreases at each step:
Distant relatives and acquaintances may be called upon to attend the visitation.
The decedent’s closer relatives and local friends attend the funeral or memorial service, and subsequent burial or cremation (if it is held immediately after the memorial service).
If the burial / cremation is on the day of the funeral, it can be that only the decedent’s closest relatives and friends attend the burial service (although if the burial service immediately follows the funeral, all attendees of the memorial service are asked to attend).
Traditionally etiquette dictated that the bereaved and other attendees at a funeral wear formal clothing, such as a suit and tie for men or a dress for women. The most traditional colour is solid black (with a matching solid black tie for men) preferably without any underlying pinstripes or patterns in the weave. But failing that charcoal gray or dark navy blue may be worn.
Wearing short skirts, low-cut tops, t-shirts with advertising slogans or suggestive images, or, at Western funerals, a large amount of white (other than a button-down shirt or blouse, a military uniform, or in the Swedish tradition, white ties worn by male members of the immediate family) is often seen as disrespectful.[citation needed]
Women who are grieving the deaths of their husbands or close partners sometimes wear a veil to conceal their faces, although this practice is not presently common. Increasingly, the deceased have requested before their death that the attendees of their funeral should wear something of their favourite colour or wear something specific, such as a football shirt.
Depending on the culture dress can vary greatly with a far more relaxed attitude in Europe and the UK with bright colours often incorporated as dictated by the deceased in their last wishes. To celebrate the life of the deceased and the life of all those attending to give thanks for the good things in life to look forward and cherish what you have.
A guest book may be placed in a prominent place during the viewing. It is intended to let the next of kin know who came to the funeral, so that thank-you letters can be mailed.
On occasion, the family of the deceased may wish to have only a very small service, with just the deceased’s closest family members and friends attending. This type of ceremony means it is closed to the public. One may only go to the funeral if one is invited. In this case, a private funeral service is conducted. Reasons vary but often include the following:
The deceased was an infant (possibly, they may have been stillborn) or very aged, and therefore has few surviving family members or friends.
The deceased may be a crime victim or a convicted criminal who was serving a prison sentence. In this case, the service is made private either to avoid unwanted media coverage (especially with a crime victim); or to avoid unwanted intrusion (especially if the deceased was convicted of murder or sexual assault).
The family does not feel able to endure a traditional service (due to emotional shock) or simply wants a quiet, simple funeral with only the most important people of the deceased’s life in attendance.
The family and/or the deceased, as more frequently pre-planned, prefer simplicity and lower cost to that of traditional arrangements. The choice of cremation as an option to coffined burial is increasing and often includes disposition of the cremated remains at a time privately convenient to the deceased’s family members.
The deceased is of a distinct celebrity status, and holding public ceremony would result in too many guests who are not acquainted with the deceased to participate. On the other hand, if a state funeral is offered and accepted by the deceased’s immediate family, a public funeral would ensue.
In some cases (particularly the last), the family may schedule a public memorial service at a later time.
Memorial services
The memorial service is a service given for the deceased without the body present. This may take place after a burial, cremation or donation of the body to an institution such as a school, cremation (sometimes the remains are present), entombment, or burial at sea. Typically these services take place at the church or other place and may include prayers, poems, or songs to remember the deceased. Pictures of the deceased are usually placed at the altar where the body would normally be.
After the sudden deaths of important public officials, public memorial services have been held by communities, including those without any other connection to the deceased.
Humanist Funerals
Humanist organisations exist world wide to serve the needs of the non-religious, evolving as those needs change. The British Humanist Association (BHA) developed from the Ethical Union in 1967. Humanists are non-religious people who live by moral principles based on reason and respect for others, not obedience to dogmatic rules. They promote happiness and fulfilment in this life because they believe it is the only one we have.
Humanist non-religious funeral ceremonies acknowledge loss and celebrate a life without employing religious rituals. They offer a dignified alternative to the traditional funeral service and are made memorable by being personally tailored to each individual situation, with the wishes of the family taken fully into account.
A typical ceremony will usually include:
- Favourite or appropriate music (of any kind)
- A welcome and a brief explanation of the ceremony
- Poetry or prose readings
- A ‘tribute’ to the deceased, mainly biographical, often with short contributions from family, friends and colleagues
- A time of reflection for silent meditation or private prayer
- The Committal or words of farewell
- A brief close, which can include thanks and announcements
- Prior to the funeral, a Humanist officiant will normally visit a family to map-out the ceremony and to form a rounded picture of the subject. At this stage it may also be important for families to freely discuss various options in relation to procedure during the ceremony.
- Detailed preparation prevents reliance on a standard text or format, and in the days leading up to the ceremony time and care is devoted to writing and compiling a tribute both factually accurate and with the appropriate tone. By this process, each ceremony can be developed afresh with families who welcome the opportunity for choice and personal input. A printed copy of the ceremony is always provided for the family, to send to absent relatives or friends and kept as a memento.
- Humanist funeral ceremonies may be conducted at crematoria, cemeteries, woodland burial grounds, and other burial grounds (subject to restriction).
- Memorial ceremonies are more usually conducted elsewhere and after some time has elapsed following the funeral. However in some circumstances, for example where there is no body or a body has been accepted for medical research, a memorial ceremony may take the place of a funeral.
- All Humanist officiants are non-judgemental, empathic and have wide life-experience; many have professional backgrounds.
They are accredited by the British Humanist Association, 1 Gower Street , London WC1E 6HD Tel: 0207 079 3580 Fax: 020 7079 3588 Website www.humanism.org.uk Email info@humanism.org.uk
CIVIL FUNERALS
Civil Funerals have been available in most of the UK for many years now, delivered
by a professional Civil Funeral Celebrant, who will be a member of the Institute of Civil Funerals. Full list of members available at www.iocf.org.uk/reg_members
A Civil Funeral is defined as: A funeral, which is driven by the wishes, beliefs and values of the deceased and their family, not by the beliefs or ideology of the person conducting the funeral.’
This means that the professional Celebrant is happy to include religious material as well as carrying out non-religious ceremonies. In this way Civil Funerals are somewhat different to humanist ceremonies, where religion will not be included. The Celebrant will spend time talking with family members and friends and will then write and deliver a full ceremony that will reflect the wishes of the family and those of the deceased. The Celebrant also discusses and arranges participation in the ceremony of any family or friends, music and readings.
What makes a Civil Funeral different?
The quality procedures in place to measure training of Celebrants and client satisfaction are second to none. Every ceremony script is checked and controlled by follow-up client questionnaires to maintain the highest possible quality. The Celebrant will ask a family member to check the text before the day so no minor details can be wrong and afterwards a full ceremony text is provided to the family.
Who are Civil Funeral Celebrants?
The person conducting the Ceremony will be a trained professional Celebrant. Often semi-retired professional people, Celebrants have empathy and gentleness, good delivery and writing skills and a real interest in improving funerals in the UK. Funeral Celebrants will have passed an externally accredited training course and will be a member of the Institute of Civil Funerals, providing them with a name badge they will wear whenever they visit homes or conduct a ceremony.
It is very important to make sure any Funeral Celebrant IS a member of the Institute of Civil Funerals; this is a guarantee of quality and professionalism.
Help with a Funeral why not allow Brophies to take the worry out of the catering
Martin will talk you through the decisons you need to make, drawing on my confidant local knowledge and broard experience.
He will send you a clear written plan with costs before-hand, outlining the agreed payment arrangements. Martin will stay in touch with you to confirm the final numbers and provide an invoice for your records.
At Brophies we make your finger or fork buffet fresh on the day. Presented on black obliong platters, covered, garnished and delivered ready to serve at an agreed time. We will also arrange to collect the platters as they are on free loan.
We can hire extra crockery and cutlery, as well as arranging staff to help with making drinks and to ensure your family and friends are comfortable.
Menus are suggestions and we are happy to work with you to create your own bespoke menu. The menus are priced per person.
“thank you very much for the lovely refreshments you did for my Mum’s funeral, everyone loved them and they disappeared fast. I am so glad someone recommended you…” MK St Albans
“thank you to you for the afternoon tea, the food was exactly as we required it and your advice and guidance was gratefully received. All in all, an extremely professional job; thank you….” SJ Tonbridge
“I have no qualms in recommending Brophies the caterer. They recently provided the catering for my father’s funeral, Martin was courteous, sensitive, and professional throughout. He gave us the confidence that, at what is a very busy time, this was one task we didn’t have to worry about. Of course Brophies delivered, in every way. The food was fantastic, and Martin’s menu suggestions made the spread of food something really special. Many thanks...” EH St Albans
“Really professional job from start to finish. Excellent food and plenty of it. ” MS St Albans




























My philosophy to food and healthy eating is to enjoy everything in a balanced way.


